PsychINFO and Pubmed were searched for peer-reviewed studies published between the first available year and August 31st, 2020 with the search terms: (“oxytocin”) AND (“relationship” OR “pair” OR “bond” OR “love” OR “mate”). Future research is warranted to confirm this hypothesis with analysis of modifiers such as gender. Considering the whole-body influence of oxytocin, intranasal oxytocin application or gene therapy should be used exclusively for those who display these dangerous behaviors and not for the general population. The exaggerated oxytocin concentrations in people who suffer and people who stalk might not be suppressed by the discouraging attitudes of their partners and might be maintained by rumination. Those who suffer displays aggression toward self, while those who stalk displays aggression toward others. The distinction between suffering and stalking might stem from the difference in their aggression tendencies. It is postulated that a blunted oxytocin surge might be observed in playing, whereas exaggerated oxytocin surge might be observed in suffering and stalking. ![]() It is hypothesized that those who display these dangerous behaviors in a romantic relationship might possess specific oxytocin receptor gene aberrancy and the resultant deviant pair-bonding pattern is likely to recur in successive relationships. Elevated plasma oxytocin concentrations have been observed in new lovers when compared with singles. Oxytocin plays an important role in pair-bonding. Although difficulties in love are encountered often, it seems that three kinds of behaviors in a romantic relationship are more susceptible to physical or psychiatric disorders: playing (sexually transmitted disease), suffering (major depressive disorder or suicide), and stalking (violence or homicide). ![]() Romantic relationships are an essential element of healthy living. 2School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.1Department of Psychiatry, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.The Duchess, then, can be seen both as a proud example of a woman exerting her will and a tragic example of society’s refusal to relinquish the power of male authority. This gestures towards the fact that male authority is still powerful, despite the Duchess’s assertions of her own power, for which she is being executed. Even so, the Duchess’s final, dying thought is that her husband is still alive. Even facing her own execution, she remains proud and unafraid, and she undercuts the power of the men executing her by ensuring that her body will be cared for by women after her death. Throughout the play, the Duchess continues to defy male authority and assert her own agency, for love, for the sake of her children, and for her own self interest. This marriage between Antonio and the Duchess is figured as a true partnership the Duchess married Antonio purely out of love, in spite of custom and opposition, as he had no special status or nobility. What’s more, she does so outside of the normal confines of courtship in which the man pursues the woman in part due to her high birth, she is “forced to woo” Antonio. Refusing to remain a widow, she covertly goes against her brothers’ order and marries for love. The Duchess, however, inverts the pattern of male authority over love. We should also note that Ferdinand’s initial argument for the Duchess not to marry has undertones of incest. Once she does so behind their backs, they use all of their power to correct the situation and get revenge on her. ![]() They deliver a rehearsed argument, in which they characterize marriage as a prison and forbid her from marrying again. In order to preserve her honor and reputation (supposedly) and to take her fortune, the brothers seek to prevent her from remarrying. The Cardinal and Ferdinand also try to exert their male authority over the Duchess. Later, when Julia becomes infatuated with Bosola, she begs for him to tell her to do something so that she can prove that she loves him-clearly, she understands love to be an experience controlled by men. Webster even uses animal imagery to describe their relationship: the Cardinal is metaphorically a falconer who tames Julia, the falcon. Julia is depicted according to the stereotype of a fickle woman, while the Cardinal is the constant figure of authority. The Cardinal’s illicit relationship with Julia provides an example of a woman successfully controlled by a man. The Duchess of Malfi explores love and male authority in a traditional society in which women are subjected to the wills of men.
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